Short answer: Usually 6–7 times your yearly income. On $100,000, that is roughly $600,000–$700,000.
The bank looks at how much you earn and how much you already owe. In New Zealand, they usually let you borrow up to 6–7 times your yearly income. If you earn $100,000 a year, the bank might lend you $600,000–$700,000. But they also check if you can afford the weekly repayments after paying your bills.
Setup: Tom earns $90,000 a year. He has a $15,000 car loan.
Gross: The bank might lend up to $540,000 (6 × $90,000).
Debt: His car loan reduces this. The bank subtracts existing debt.
Serviceability: At 8.5% interest, repayments on $500,000 are about $950/week.
Income After Tax: Tom takes home about $1,250/week after tax.
Bills: He pays $300/week in rent, $200 in other bills.
Leftover: That leaves $750. The bank wants $200–$300 buffer.
Result: The bank approves $500,000. Tom looks at houses under $550,000.